A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/URI.php
Line Number: 101
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Router.php
Line Number: 127
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$load is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 78
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 396
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated
Filename: database/DB_driver.php
Line Number: 371
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 132
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
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Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 294
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 168
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 237
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 317
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 358
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 282
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 289
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 304
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 314
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 315
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 316
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 317
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 375
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 110
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1283
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/helpers/my_helper.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$form_validation is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1283
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$email is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1283
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$cart is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1283
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$Service_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 358
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Service::$pagination is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1283
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
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Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
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File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
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Filename: core/Loader.php
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File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
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File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
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File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$form_validation is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
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File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$cart is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
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File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
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Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$Service_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
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Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$pagination is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
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Backtrace:
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/application/frontend/controllers/Service.php
File: /home4/techwelfare/public_html/innohubtechnologies/index.php
Innohub Technologies - IT Solutions Services
Big Data Consulting And Analytics Services
The term big data has been in use since the 1990s, with some giving credit to John Mashey for popularizing the term. Big data usually includes data sets with sizes beyond the ability of commonly used software tools to capture, curate, manage, and process data within a tolerable elapsed time. Big data philosophy encompasses unstructured, semi-structured and structured data, however the main focus is on unstructured data. Big data "size" is a constantly moving target; as of 2012 ranging from a few dozen terabytes to many zettabytes of data. Big data requires a set of techniques and technologies with new forms of integration to reveal insights from data-sets that are diverse, complex, and of a massive scale.
"Variety", "veracity" and various other "Vs" are added by some organizations to describe it, a revision challenged by some industry authorities. The Vs of big data were often referred to as the "three Vs", "four Vs", and "five Vs". They represented the qualities of big data in volume, variety, velocity, veracity, and value. Variability is often included as an additional quality of big data.
A 2018 definition states "Big data is where parallel computing tools are needed to handle data", and notes, "This represents a distinct and clearly defined change in the computer science used, via parallel programming theories, and losses of some of the guarantees and capabilities made by Codd's relational model.
Big data vs. business intelligence
The growing maturity of the concept more starkly delineates the difference between "big data" and " business intelligence ".
Business intelligence uses applied mathematics tools and descriptive statistics with data with high information density to measure things, detect trends, etc. Big data uses mathematical analysis, optimization, inductive statistics and concepts from nonlinear system identification to infer laws (regressions, nonlinear relationships, and causal effects) from large sets of data with low information density ] to reveal relationships and dependencies, or to perform predictions of outcomes and behaviors.
Technologies
Techniques for analyzing data, such as A/B testing, machine learning and natural language processing Big data technologies, like business intelligence, cloud computing and databases Visualization, such as charts, graphs and other displays of the data
Multidimensional big data can also be represented as OLAP data cubes or, mathematically, tensors. array database systems have set out to provide storage and high-level query support on this data type. Additional technologies being applied to big data include efficient tensor-based computation, such as multilinear subspace learning., massively parallel-processing (MPP) databases, search-based applications, data mining, distributed file systems, distributed cache (e.g., burst buffer and Memcached), distributed databases, cloud and HPC-based infrastructure (applications, storage and computing resources) and the Internet. Although, many approaches and technologies have been developed, it still remains difficult to carry out machine learning with big data.
Some MPP relational databases have the ability to store and manage petabytes of data. Implicit is the ability to load, monitor, back up, and optimize the use of the large data tables in the RDBMS.
The practitioners of big data analytics processes are generally hostile to slower shared storage, preferring direct-attached storage (DAS) in its various forms from solid state drive (SSD) to high capacity SATA disk buried inside parallel processing nodes. The perception of shared storage architectures—storage area network (SAN) and network-attached storage (NAS) —is that they are relatively slow, complex, and expensive. These qualities are not consistent with big data analytics systems that thrive on system performance, commodity infrastructure, and low cost.
